A Negative Perception free essay sample

I am presumptuous. I am, by definition, strikingly and excessively self-assured. I pull in unrefined looks, and repulse timid observers. Frequently, individuals judge me, and make created suppositions. Being presumptuous frequently gets a negative observation. However, why should anybody say, that it is hawkish and hostile for me to trust in myself profoundly? Frequently the insulted are the non-devotees. Frequently the annoyed are uncertain of themselves. Regularly the outraged are attentive. I have a jump in my objected step. Is that an awful thing, to have confidence in myself? I am a piece of the baseball crew, prideful and positive. I wear my baseball top with egotism. I am sure of our ability, and won't acknowledge mistaken feelings with lightness. Individuals prattle behind our backs, â€Å"The baseball crew is brimming with themselves†. Most would anticipate a denying reaction. We admit to this revoltingness and are courageous in refuting reluctant figures. We will compose a custom article test on A Negative Perception or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Society’s misguided judgment is that arrogance is as a rule excessively sure, in a negative way. The Taylorsville Baseball crew is an essential case of why society is mixed up. We will rule a certain group, since we have faith in ourselves on a predominant level. This is seen as our shortcoming, yet we use it as our quality. We step on the field with affirmation, prepared to accomplish triumph. I am a government official, energetic and persuading. I am a cheat of psyches, with my informed sentiment. I am a wicked man, winning your love with my promising words. I am certain about my arrangement and unalterable on my assessment of the expressions of my rival. Being refuted isn't a choice, nor is demonstrating misgiving. Vulnerability doesn't get votes. Vulnerability gets an overwhelming misfortune. I am quiet in time of despondency, yet am unsatisfied in time of festivity. I won't show my shortcoming, and will let my qualities dominate any contenders. Assurance is my center name. I am always in my prime, and will lead as long as I am seen as a pioneer. I am Kobe Bryant, dreaded and not terrified of contention. I put dread in my resistance, and put unquestionable drive in my group. I will insult and bother to place anxiety in my enemies. I won't tremble when challenge comes my way, rather I will show coarseness. I argue for a preliminary. I argue for a test. I argue for a challenge. Conflict is my closest companion, and thrashing is my most noticeably terrible foe. I won't tremble with pressure. I will thump down the shot; I will meet the challenge at hand. Who am I? I am something contrary to humbleness. I am something contrary to submissive. I am something contrary to fulfilled. I am sure. I am concrete. I am arrogant.

Conventional Silver-Based Film Cameras vs Digital Cameras Free Essays

Regular silver-based film is as yet the suggested innovation for evidentiary photography or for field applications. These cameras offer the most noteworthy goals prospects just as the most elevated powerful range. They have the best shading range and are the most adaptable of the at present accessible camera innovation choices. We will compose a custom paper test on Traditional Silver-Based Film Cameras versus Digital Cameras or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Silver-based film is the most sturdy stockpiling medium also, and is more promptly accessible than video or computerized stockpiling media (â€Å"Guidelines). Goals quality, or the sharpness of detail, is one of the most noteworthy points of interest of silver-based film. The very little estimated silver precious stones for this kind of film permit silver-based film cameras to have an a lot higher goals than computerized cameras. 35mm camera negatives have an estimated goals of 5500 x 3600 pixels, while advanced cameras ordinarily just have a goals of 640 x 480 pixels. That likens to just 1.6 percent of the data that is caught with a silver-based film camera being caught with an advanced camera (â€Å"Guidelines†). There are disservices to utilizing this kind of camera, be that as it may. First is the requirement for a different handling and printing offices. Also, there is a moderately long preparing time required for silver-based film. Preparing the film likewise makes naturally risky side-effects, also the film before handling is delicate to temperature and moistness changes, just as x-beams. The most outstanding burden is that its absolutely impossible for the picture taker to assess the picture quickly, except if moment film is utilized (â€Å"Guidelines†). Preferences and Disadvantages of Digital Cameras: Advanced cameras offer some unmistakable focal points over different sorts of cameras. The principal advantage they offer the client is the capacity to see the picture in a flash and check that picture is actually what was needed. Likewise, the picture can be transmitted or imparted to not many middle of the road steps. On location picture the executives just as printing are included favorable circumstances, just as more naturally well disposed media than film (â€Å"Guidelines†). The disservices of advanced cameras, be that as it may, frequently exceed its favorable circumstances. Advanced cameras require batteries or interchange power supplies to work. This implies there is a negative natural effect, power must be changed over, and a force flexibly should consistently be accessible. Capacity media, albeit getting all the more promptly accessible, is as yet not accessible all around. Procuring a picture might be meddled with by electromagnetic fields, and once a picture is gained it might experience a programmed pressure, losing a portion of the detail. Advanced camera equipment and programming are not generally good with different makers and there is a requirement for expanded specialized help. In conclusion, as innovation develops there might be an effect on the capacity to get to picture documents, when that record position gets obsolete (â€Å"Guidelines†). Points of interest and Disadvantages of Video Cameras: Camcorders have become increasingly more famous with the progressions in innovation. Camcorders take into account a continuous movement record and the recorder can quickly audit the pictures caught to guarantee they are what was wanted. Like computerized cameras, camcorders can transmit and spread pictures with not very many strides in the middle of and they are more naturally well disposed than silver-based film. One of the most noteworthy focal points to camcorders is their capacity to catch video symbolism as well as sound too (â€Å"Guidelines†). However, there are burdens to this innovation also. Like computerized cameras, camcorders require batteries or an other force gracefully, and these have a negative ecological effect and the accessibility of these influence whether the camcorder can be utilized. Camcorder stockpiling media is likewise liable to harm because of electromagnetic fields, and like computerized cameras, electromagnetic obstruction may influence picture securing. Goals on camcorders is not exactly either computerized or silver-based film cameras and there is constrained shading devotion. Add to these the test that handheld camcorders need picture strength and that the weight and movability of some gear may end up being an issue. Top of the line computerized camcorders are preferred goals over simple cameras (â€Å"Guidelines†). Preferences and Disadvantages of Hybrid Imaging Systems: Mixture imaging frameworks consolidate silver-based film innovation with advanced innovation. The benefits of this kind of framework is that there is less time to be spent in the darkroom and the camera keeps up the top notch film pictures. With this great, there is as yet the adaptability that accompanies advanced picture handling. Much the same as computerized cameras, pictures can without much of a stretch be moved electronically and can be examined electronically also. This framework additionally rearranges case-record the executives and can utilize an assortment of yield gadgets (â€Å"Guidelines†). There are drawbacks to this framework, in any case. There is as yet a requirement for isolated preparing and printing offices for the silver-based film, which incorporates the protracted handling time and the earth unsafe side-effects. Much the same as an ordinary silver-based film camera, the preprocessed film is delicate and can be harmed by temperature, mugginess and x-beams. Also, it needs expanded specialized help, not at all like an ordinary silver-based film camera (â€Å"Guidelines†). Closely-held conviction on Which Camera is Best for Crime Scene Photography: Wrongdoing scene photography requires away from of explicit subtleties that may not stay at the scene. Consequently, there is one element that is totally compulsory while thinking about which camera is most appropriate for wrongdoing scene photography. The first is that the camera must have a sufficiently high goals to catch the significant subtleties of the pictures caught. This limits the decisions of the camera down to at that point, either the silver-based film camera or the half and half imaging framework. Obviously when one considers the significance of guaranteeing that all wrongdoing scene features are shot enough, it turns out to be certain that the capacity to audit a picture immediately is an amazing advantage. With this capacity, the picture taker can guarantee that he has caught precisely what he needs on film, without the danger of missing something that will most likely be unable to be shot later. Thus, the half and half imaging framework gives off an impression of being the best decision. It not just considers the high goals important to catch significant subtleties, however permits the picture taker moment access to the pictures the individual in question just took, with the goal that they can check that they caught all that they might want. Despite the fact that this framework has the preparing downsides of silver-based film, it likewise has the advantages of having the option to transmit picture records electronically, just as the improved stockpiling and documenting. The most effective method to refer to Conventional Silver-Based Film Cameras versus Digital Cameras, Essay models

How to Develop Photographic Memory

Instructions to Develop Photographic Memory Attempting to recall that telephone number? Experiencing difficulties remembering the dates for the History test? Looking for an enchantment approach to engrave the data on your cerebrum rapidly and effectively? Unfortunately, we dont do enchantment. Fortunately, there are a few different ways to help definitely improve your memory. Before we get serious, lets dab all the is and cross all the ts. Despite the fact that utilized reciprocally, the terms â€Å"photographic memory† and â€Å"eidetic memory† dont mean something very similar. Eidetic memory is the capacity to recollect visual pictures for quite a while in the wake of seeing them in no time. Photographic memory is an ability, that permits one to remember noteworthy measures of data (content, numbers and so on) very quickly in the wake of seeing them. Its viewed as a mainstream misinterpretation and a result of garbage science. In the event that the contention hasnt changed your aim to improve your memory and draw nearer to a genuine â€Å"braniac† status, get ready to accomplish some work and welcome the outcomes. With a touch of persistence and practice youll certainly become the memory ace. Technique for Loci This procedure requires a touch of exertion and a great deal of creative mind. Essentially, its a mental helper, emphatically associated with spatial memory. There are a few phases to it and well walk you through every one. Build Your Memory Palace Our mind recall visual pictures far superior to heartless content or numbers. That is the reason building affiliations encourages retaining process. Memory royal residence is the place youll store the pictures. It doesnt must be extravagant an all. The main prerequisite is that you know it and can without much of a stretch discover your way around. The house youve experienced childhood in will fit flawlessly. When the spot is picked, move to the subsequent stage. Paint the Pictures Gives up with the nuts and bolts here: state, you have to remember the rundown of food supplies, which contains milk, avocados, cleanser and corn chips. Take the three things and go somewhat insane. Envision avocado, swimming in the kayak down the milk waterway, skimming down the steps of your home. At that point, it takes an assault rifle, and starts firing with cornflakes. They hit your Moms most loved jar, it breaks into pieces, discharging cleanser froth everywhere. There you have it: avocado, milk, cleanser and corn chips! We recall appealing pictures much better. The pictures you make might be silly, unnerving, attractive, stunning †whatever works for you. Try to associate them with a specific area in your psyche royal residence, utilize the clear hues and plan to be shocked with the amount you really can recall. Take a Tour Presently, go for a walk around the royal residence. Utilize the psychological â€Å"anchors† youve left around it and think about a component of your image. After that you cerebrum will invoke the entire picture, helping you review the constituents. That is the means by which you utilize the loci technique. Release your inventiveness and mess around with it. Brain Mapping Brain Mapping is an amazing retaining method, compelling especially for non-straight scholars. It includes drawing a plan, with the key idea in the inside with all the others encompassing it. The ideas are sorted out into branches, which drives first to the significant sub-idea and afterward, definitely, to the focal one. An efficient brain map is definitely more proficient than long stretches of redundancy as it makes you think and fabricate associations in your own specific manner. Go Sober Better believe it, this one is somewhat tragic. Liquor falls apart your learning capacities and memory. On the off chance that you would like to encourage the retaining procedure to the best degree, go truly light on liquor (if youre not prepared to surrender it totally). The most shrewd decision concerning the drink is red wine: its brimming with cancer prevention agents and flavanols that help forestall Alzheimers malady and make your memory work better. Military Technique All set intense? This strategy has been utilized to prepare the knowledge for quite a few years as of now. To attempt it youll need: a room (ideally without any windows), a light (with a switch that is anything but difficult to come to), a book with the data you have to retain, a piece of paper and 15 minutes out of every day at any rate during a month. Got everything? Moving to the strategy at that point. In the first place, pick the passage you have to retain. At that point, take the paper and cut out a piece of it that will cover all the page of the book with the exception of the required passage. Spot the paper onto the page and mood killer the lights. At the point when your eyes change in accordance with the murkiness totally, turn on the light for two or three seconds. The second ought to be sufficient to see the passage in full fixation. At that point turn off the light and rehash. The entire method may sound peculiar from the outset, yet soon youll become accustomed to it and recall the content of the passage a lot speedier. Eat Right A decent eating regimen is everything. To actually sustain your cerebrum, ensure you incorporate enough items, containing omega 3 and omega 6 unsaturated fats, potassium, Vitamins E and K. These components will keep your mind alert, forestall Alzheimers and dementia, support your temperament and capacity to center. Include adequate measures of broccoli, nuts, seeds, slick fish and entire grains to your nourishment and get more beneficial with each dinner. Heres an understudy basic food item list which contain all that you requirement for a sound eating regimen. Get Pumped Up Practicing has huge amounts of advantages. Aside from conditioning your body and expanding general wellness, it causes you be increasingly engaged, settle on better choices and recollect data for quite a while. While working out, you quicken the blood stream, causing it to carry more oxygen to the synapses. Notwithstanding that, the post-exercise increase in endorphins will cause you to feel great about yourself, persuade you to work more earnestly and practice all the strategies weve referenced previously. Indeed, that is essentially it. Dont surrender and soon youll become a genuine retention beast!

State of Knowledge in the Field of Retail Management - 1100 Words

The Evaluation of the Current State of Knowledge in the Field of Retail Management (Term Paper Sample) Content: Epistemological AssumptionsNameInstitutionOutlineSpecific purpose: the main purpose of the final paper is to establish the epistemological assumptions of each main text the researcher used in the essay.Introduction: * In retail management, the time has come the change from a management style is now becoming more of a leadership style when it comes to training associateThesis: The evaluation of the current state of knowledge in the field of retail managementDescription: * This section of the essay will briefly describe the field of retail management, also identify, and summarize three scholarly texts in business and leadership, which are associated with retail business. The following are the three texts to be summarized and examined for epistemological assumptions. * "Governance and Management of Horizontal Business Networks: Analysis of Retail Networks in Germany" by Wegner and Paula, examines significant elements in the growth and the success of horizontal business n etworks and their management and governance structures in Germany. The journal presents case studies f three different networks, which include Inters port (sports equipment), Expert (electronics and related industries), and ANWR (retail footwear, sporting goods and bicycles). The journal finally discusses the results of the findings, drawing conclusions on the governance and management structures on the retail networks also providing recommendations of the changes that should be made to ensure effective management in a retail business. * "Retail Managers: Laissez-Faire Leadership Is Synonymous with Unsuccessful Conflict Management Styles," a journal by Etta and Arthur, where the researchers examined retail managers with an aim of understanding and determining their leadership styles in relation to conflict management in a retail business. Journal compares the transformational and Laissez Faire leadership styles among the participants, thus drawing conclusion of the study that manage rs that had Laissez Faire leadership styles showed significant and positive conflict management skills in their businesses. To ensure the results were good enough for the research, they used Multi Leadership Questioner (MLQ) and Conflict Management Styles (CMS) tools, which are the best in measuring leadership styles. * "Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: the Road Ahead" by Bruce and Francis, describes the various types of leadership styles among them transformational, charismatic, and transactional leadership styles among retail managers. The journal also discusses the various components of the leadership styles; also, how the retail managers use them in a problematic business and in social context. Finally, the journal discusses leadership strategies and approaches for achieving positive results, and the implications for future research.Analysis Part 1 * This section of the final paper will identify the epistemological approaches and assumptions of each above texts. In t his case, the assumptions in each text will include operative paradigms and management practice, also determining whether the texts provided above are consistent with each other. * The first journal above article portray pragmatic paradigm, where the researcher is free to study the field that interest them using different and appropriate methods. * The second journal represents a post-positivity paradigm, where the positivists recognizes the paradigm that the theories, the background knowledge, and the hypothesis held by the researcher can strongly influence what is observed. * The third journal is a perfect reflection of constructivist paradigm, where the researcher and the participant are involved in an interactive process as a mode of data collection. * Therefore, this section will provide the characteristics of each journal paradigm and their epistemological assumptions.Analysis Part 2: * This section of the final paper will identify the weaknesses and the counterarguments to ea ch journal. The analysis part 2 will also discuss the critics of each journal, also, what the critics object.Synthesis: * Finally, on the synthesis section, the paper will highlight which argument among the three journals is the most compelling and fully discusses its research in terms of retail management. In this case, the journal that will be discussed in the section will be "Retail Managers: Laissez-Faire Leadership Is Synonymous with Unsuccessful Conflict Management Styles.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Conclusion * On the conclusion, the paper will highlight how the leadership behavior affects the management of a retail business, and their ability to make decisions for the business. Still on the conclusion, there will be a highlight the various perceptions and preferences that mangers should undertake to ensure a management and governance structure that work for a business.Annotated BibliographyKuhn, T. S. (2012). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Pre ss.Kuhn is a science historian who revisits a past epoch in the history of science that it is to the sciences as they are practiced presently. He has properly developed the structure of scientific revolutions clearly with a normal science paradigm. The author develops the revolution of research to the present paradigms that researchers uses to develop their research; that is why the book will be essential in identifying the paradigm used in the journals identified in the final paper.Collins, J. (2001). Good to great: Why some companies make the leapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬and others donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers.This book by Collins identifies the characteristics that destroy several common assumptions about what it takes to make a company be on top. In the book, the author argues that, the right people, in this case, the dedicated, innovative, and willing to push forwards are the people who will make a business successful. The book also demonstrates how companies tend to instill a soft-spoken and reserved leadership with professional skills since they get the job done than having a leader with macho leadership style. In his conclusions, his says that new technology, acquisitions, mergers, overpaid executive, or corporate restructuring does not make a business transition good to great but it is through good leadership that gets job done.

Analysis Of The Song Wicked Games - 1697 Words

Today, it seems as if men dominate the entertainment industry (mainly the singer/artist category) due to them not having as many expectations or requirements to be able to join it as women do. Since men are dominating the industry, it is more common to hear about their masculine identity and experiences throughout their songs. I chose the song Wicked Games by The Weeknd, which was released in 2012 through his first album, Trilogy. I thought it would be interesting to analyze a song that he wrote and produced before he became truly famous. It is common for artists to change the way they portray themselves (through songs) once fame hits, therefore the earlier the song was produced, the more genuine their lyrics will be. This song†¦show more content†¦Hegemonic masculinity is the societal norms that men are supposed to uphold and conform to. Men are viewed as the head of the household, the breadwinner, father figure, and anything that feeds into the concept of being a normative heterosexual male. They all enforce the image of a successful, independent, strong (etc.) man. Typically, all these norms are supposed to represent what a real man is. Based on all these norms that men are forced to live under, they create a hierarchy between masculinities. For example, a man that is a white, heterosexual, able-bodied man is considered to be more of a man than a Hispanic, heterosexual, disabled man. This is all due to their intersecting identities which give them the power to be considered a real man. When a man fails to obey the concepts of hegemonic masculinity, their manhood starts to get questioned. Society starts to question men that are not a part of the dominant intersecting inequalities (such as being a white, heterosexual man). They are viewed as not following the true concept of being a hegemonic masculinity, which is looked down upon in society. Throughout the song, Wicked Games, there are many examples of hegemonic masculinity, whether its subtle or upfront. In order for men to show their hegemonic masculinity, they need to be wage-earners of society. Look at all this cash†¦I emptied out my cards, too and (bring your body, baby) I could bring you fame represents how men are flaunting theirShow MoreRelatedThe Heroes of History and Poetry1086 Words   |  4 Pagescourage.† (Adler 195) Adler’s unique analysis of courage includes a depiction of tragic heroes and war heroes, which touched on each type of hero. Pop culture holds a wide variety of courageous examples. The Broadway Musical â€Å"Wicked† is a fictional preface of the well-known film â€Å"The Wizard of Oz.† The musical â€Å"Wicked† is based on the journey of Elpheba (The Wicked Witch of the West) to find who she is meant to be and the obstacles she faces in order to get there. The song ‘Defying Gravity’ is her epiphanyRead MoreAnalysis of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot1571 Words   |  7 PagesLand†, this is indeed not the only beginning of the text. According to Bennett and Royle, â€Å"a literary text multiplies its beginning through the deployment of peritexts†, however, for argument’s sake, let the title be our point of departure for this analysis (5). In order to analyse â€Å"The Waste Land† we must look at Derrida’s essay â€Å"Structure, Sign, and Play†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in which he claims that the relationship between signifier and signified is not stabl e or fixed, which in turn causes there to be a certain freeplayRead MoreFeminism in The Wizard of Oz4177 Words   |  17 Pagesunusual characters, and a fantasy storyline made into a major motion picture. It has become almost iconoclastic in film history, shown regularly on network television and becoming a part of American cultural history. The song Somewhere Over the Rainbow, won an Oscar for best song, and has been recorded by hundreds of artists. In fact, for numerous critics, the movie is ranked among the top 10 movies of all times, and the Library of Congress names it the most watched film in history (The Wizard ofRead MoreOrigin And Themes Of Popular Soccer Chants2296 Words   |  10 PagesDevin Reddy USSO290Z: Soccer: The Global Game 20 November 2016 Origin and Themes of Popular Soccer Chants The lyrics â€Å"Walk on, Walk on, With hope in your hearts† are belted out by a sea of red as a Liverpool match is about to start. Even though the intonation of the singing might make a choral director cringe, there is no doubt that everyone wearing Liverpool’s red jersey knows every word to the song. Sung in unison, the undeniable passion of Liverpool’s fans is overwhelming, when they wear theirRead MoreThe Impact of Greek Mythology on Western Culture5592 Words   |  23 Pagesthe gods and the supreme ruler of people. He originally was a god of the sky. In time, the Greeks regarded him as the only god who concerned him-self with the whole universe. They also associated Zeus with justice and believed that he punished the wicked and rewarded the good. He belonged to the race of Titans, and was the son of Cronus and Rhea. After overthrowing Cronus, Zeus took his fathers place and ruled from Mount Olympus. He headed a family of twelve major gods, called the Olymp ians. Read MoreEssay Biography of T.S. Eliot4139 Words   |  17 PagesThis dissonance in tone serves to heighten the trepidation of the reader. It is similar to a horror movie: the viewer watches the â€Å"normal† scenes in the movie, waiting for something horrible to take place. Due the grim tone of the poem, the airy love song seems grossly misplaced. Eliot chooses this section of Wagner’s poem to illustrate that man has nothing to strive for. In Wagner’s work, this section is where Tristan lays dying, and instead of seeing Isolde only sees â€Å"waste and empty sea,† (AbramsRead MoreTurn Taking Mechanisms in Conversation Essay1968 Words   |  8 Pagesphenomenon is of interest to pragmaticians who, through the practise of conversational analysis have studied conversation on the micro-pragmatic level and have sought to theorise the mechanisms responsible. In order to study the turn taking system operating in conversation I transcribed three brief conversations from Big Brother 2 (Appendix). Big Brother is a popular ‘reality T.V’ game show where contestants are invited to live in a house for up to 8 weeks where they areRead MoreDescriptive Writing : New Vocabulary2398 Words   |  10 Pagestook as normal now and that he did not mind† (114). Demure (adjective): quiet and polite (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary) â€Å"Each of them wore the remains of a black cap and ages ago they had stood in two demure rows and their voices had been the song of angels† (139). Phosphorescence (noun): an enduring luminescence without sensible heat (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary) â€Å"The edge of the lagoon became a streak of phosphorescence which advanced minutely, as the great wave of the tide flowed† (162)Read MoreGlee Essay9324 Words   |  38 PagesTopic 2. ‘There is nothing ironic about show choir!’ - Rachel Cohen Is Rachel’s assessment of the musical performances on Glee correct? Discuss the interplay of melodrama, irony and intertextuality in Glee. Your essay should contain detailed analysis of at least two scenes from Glee’s 1st season. Your essay should also make reference to your core course readings on television and postmodernism. Due 14 September their true voice; and this one was, to me, ultimately about the series demonstratingRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 Pagesbattle the seven champions of the Argive army were matched against seven champions of the Theban forces. The two brothers, Polynices and Eteocles, were paired against each other and were killed when they met in combat. Afterwards the Chorus sings a song about victory and peace. It wishes that the memories of this battle would be wiped out of people’s minds and that thoughts of peace would reign once more over Thebes. The Chorus plans to indulge in â€Å"holy dances of delight† and visit every shrine to

Minor capacity free essay sample

On July 20, 1895, the respondent, Dhurmodas Ghose, executed a mortgage in favour of Brahmo Dutt, a money-lender carrying on business at Calcutta and elsewhere, to secure the repayment of Rs. 20,000 at 12 per cent. interest on some houses belonging to the respondent. The amount actually advanced is in dispute. At that time the respondent was an infant; and he did not attain twenty-one until the month of September following. Throughout the transaction Brahmo Dutt was absent from Calcutta, and the whole business was carried through for him by his attorney, Kedar Nath Mitter, the money being found by Dedraj, the local manager of Brahmo Dutt. While considering the proposed advance, Kedar Nath received information that the respondent was still a minor; and on July 15, 1895, the following letter was written and sent to him by Bhupendra Nath Bose, an attorney:— â€Å"Dear Sir. I am instructed by S.M. Jogendranundinee Dasi, the mother and guardian appointed by the High Court under its letters patent of the person and property of Babu Dhurmodas Ghose, that a mortgage of the properties of the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is being prepared from your office. I am instructed to give you notice, which I hereby do, that the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is still an infant under the age of twenty-one, and any one lending money to him will do so at his own risk and peril. † Kedar Nath positively denied the receipt of any such letter; but the Court of first instance and the Appellate Court both held that he did personally receive it on July 15; and the evidence is conclusive upon the point. On the day on which the mortgage was executed, Kedar Nath got the infant to sign a long declaration, which, he had prepared for him, containing a statement that he came of age on June 17; and that Babu Dedraj and Brahmo Dutt, relying on his assurance that he had attained his majority, had agreed to advance to him Rs.20,000. There is conflicting evidence as to the time when and circumstances under which that declaration was obtained; but it is unnecessary to go into this, as both Courts below have held that Kedar Nath did not act upon, and was not misled by, that statement, and was fully aware at the time the mortgage was executed of the minority of the respondent. It may be added here that Kedar Nath was the attorney and agent of Brahmo Dutt, and says in his evidence that he got the declaration for the greater security of his â€Å"client. † The infant had not any separate legal adviser. On September 10, 1895, the infant, by his mother and guardian as next friend, commenced this action against Brahmo Dutt, stating that he was under age when he executed the mortgage, and praying for a declaration that it was void and inoperative, and should be delivered up to be cancelled. The defendant, Brahmo Dutt, put in a defence that the plaintiff was of full age when he executed the mortgage; that neither he nor Kedar Nath had any notice that the plaintiff was then an infant; that, even if he was a minor, the declaration as to his age was fraudulently made to deceive the defendant, and disentitled the plaintiff to any relief; and that in any case the Court should not grant the plaintiff any relief without making him repay the moneys advanced. By a further statement the defendant alleged that the plaintiff had  subsequently ratified the mortgage; but this case wholly failed, and is not the subject of appeal. Jenkins J. , who presided in the Court of first instance, found the facts as above stated, and granted the relief asked. And the Appellate Court dismissed the appeal from him. Subsequently to the institution of the present appeal Brahmo Dutt died, and this appeal has been prosecuted by his executors. The first of the appellants reasons in support of the present appeal is that the Courts below were wrong in holding that the knowledge of Kedar Nath must be imputed to the defendant. In their Lordships opinion they were obviously right. The defendant was absent from Calcutta, and personally did not take any part in the transaction. It was entirely in charge of Kedar Nath, whose full authority to act as he did is not disputed. He stood in the place of the defendant for the purposes of this mortgage; and his acts and knowledge were the acts and knowledge of his principal. It was contended that Dedraj, the defendants gomastha, was the real representative in Calcutta of the defendant, and that he had no knowledge of the plaintiffs minority. But there is nothing in this. He no doubt made the advance out of the defendants funds. But he says in his evidence that â€Å"Kedar Babu was acting on behalf of my master from the beginning in this matter†; and a little further on he adds that before the registration of the mortgage he did not communicate with his master on the subject of the minority. But he did know that there was a question raised as to the plaintiffs age; and he says, â€Å"I left all matters regarding the minority in the hands of Kedar Babu. † The appellants counsel contended that the plaintiff is estopped by s. 115 of the Indian Evidence Act (I.of 1872) from setting up that he was an infant when he executed the mortgage. The section is as follows: â€Å"Estoppel. When one person has by his declaration act or omission intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true, and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative to deny the truth of that thing. † The Courts below seem to have decided that this section does not apply to infants; but their Lordships do not think it necessary to deal with that question now. They consider it clear that the section does not apply to a case like the present, where the statement relied upon is made to a person who knows the real facts and is not misled by the untrue statement. There can be no estoppel where the truth of the matter is known to both parties, and their Lordships hold, in accordance with English authorities, that a false representation, made to a person who knows it to be false, is not such a fraud as to take away the privilege of infancy: Nelson v. Stocker. The same principle is recognised in the explanation to s. 19 of the Indian Contract Act, in which it is said that a fraud or misrepresentation which did not cause the consent to a contract of the party on whom such fraud was practised, or to whom such misrepresentation was made, does not render a contract voidable. The point most pressed, however, on behalf of the appellants was that the Courts ought not to have decreed in the respondents favour without ordering him to repay to the appellants the sum of Rs.10,500, said to have been paid to him as part of the consideration for the mortgage. And in support of this contention s. 64 of the Contract Act (IX. of 1872) was relied on:— â€Å"Sect. 64. When a person at whose option a contract is voidable rescinds it, the other party thereto need not perform any promise therein contained of which he is promisor. The party rescinding a voidable contract shall, if he have received any benefit thereunder from another party to such contract, restore such benefit, so far as may be, to the person from whom it was received. † Both Courts below held that they were bound by authority to treat the contracts of infants as voidable only, and not void; but that this section only refers to contracts made by persons competent to contract, and therefore not to infants. The general current of decision in India certainly is that ever since the passing of the Indian Contract Act (IX, of 1872) the contracts of infants are voidable only. This conclusion, however, has not been arrived at without vigorous protests by various judges from time to time; nor indeed without decisions to the contrary effect. Under these circumstances, their Lordships consider themselves at liberty to act on their own view of the law as declared by the Contract Act, and they have thought it right to have the case reargued before them upon this point. They do not consider it necessary to examine in detail the numerous decisions above referred to, as in their opinion the whole question turns upon what is the true construction of the Contract Act itself. It is necessary, therefore, to consider carefully the terms of that Act; but before doing so it may be convenient to refer to the Transfer of Property Act (IV of 1882), s.7 of which provides that every person competent to contract and entitled to transferable property. . . . is competent to transfer such property. . . . in the circumstances, to the extent, and in the manner allowed and prescribed by any law for the time bring in force. That is the Act under which the present mortgage was made, and it is merely dealing with persons competent to contract; and s. 4 of that Act provides that the chapters and sections of that Act which relate to contracts are to be taken as part of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The present case, therefore, falls within the provisions of the latter Act. Then, to turn to the Contract Act, s. 2 provides: (e) Every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other, is an agreement. (g) An agreement not enforceable by law is said to be void. (h) An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. (i) An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of the other or others, is a voidable contract. Sect. All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. † Then s. 11 is most important, as defining who are meant by â€Å"persons competent to contract†; it is as follows; â€Å"Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind, and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. † Looking at these sections, their Lordships are  satisfied that the Act makes it essential that all contracting parties should be â€Å"competent to contract,† and expressly provides that a person who by reason of infancy is incompetent to contract cannot make a contract within the meaning of the Act. This is clearly borne out by later sections in the Act. Sect. 68 provides that, â€Å"If a person incapable of entering into a contract, or any one whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person. † It is beyond question that an infant falls within the class of persons here referred to as incapable of entering into a contract; and it is clear from the Act that he is not to be liable even for necessaries, and that no demand in respect thereof is enforceable against him by law, though a statutory claim is created against his property. Under ss. 183 and 184 no person under the age of majority can employ or be an agent. Again, under ss.247 and 248, although a person under majority may be admitted to the benefits of a partnership, he cannot be made personally liable for any of its obligations; although he may on attaining majority accept those obligations if he thinks fit to do so. The question whether a contract is void or voidable presupposes the existence of a contract within the meaning of the Act, and cannot arise in the case of an infant. Their Lordships are, therefore, of opinion that in the present case there is not any such voidable contract as is dealt with in s. 64. A new point was raised here by the appellants counsel, founded on s.  65 of the Contract Act, a section not referred to in the Courts below, or in the cases of the appellants or respondent. It is sufficient to say that this section, like s. 64. starts from the basis of there being an agreement or contract between competent parties, and has no application to a case in which there never was, and never could have been, any contract. It was further argued that the preamble of the Act shewed that the Act was only intended to define and amend certain parts of the law relating to contracts, and that contracts by infants were left outside the Act. If this were so, it does not appear how it would help the appellants. But in their Lordships opinion the Act, so far as it goes, is exhaustive and imperative, and does provide in clear language that an infant is not a person competent to bind himself by a contract of this description. Another enactment relied upon as a reason why the mortgage money should be returned is s. 41 of the Specific Relief Act (I. of 1877), which is as follows: â€Å"Sect. 41. On adjudging the cancellation of an instrument the Court may require the party to whom such relief is granted to make any compensation to the other which justice may require. † Sect. 38 provides in similar terms for a case of rescission of a contract. These sections, no doubt, do give a discretion to the Court; but the Court of first instance, and subsequently the Appellate Court, in the exercise of such discretion, came to the conclusion that under the circumstances of this case justice did not require them to order the return by the respondent of money advanced to him with full knowledge of his infancy, and their Lordships see no reason for interfering with the discretion so exercised. It was also contended that one who seeks equity must do equity. But this is the last point over again, and does not require further notice except by referring to a recent decision of the Court of Appeal in Thurstan v. Nottingham Permanent Benefit Building Society21, since affirmed by the House of Lords. 22 In that case a female infant obtained from the society of which she was a member part of the purchase-money of some property she purchased; and the society also agreed to make her advances to complete certain buildings thereon. They made the advances, and took from her a mortgage for the amount. On attaining twenty-one she brought the action to have the mortgage declared void under the Infants Relief Act. The Court held that, as regards the purchase-money paid to the vendor, the society was entitled to stand in his place and had a lien upon the property, but that the mortgage must be declared void, and that the society was not entitled to any repayment of the advances. Dealing with this part of their claim Romer L. J, says23: â€Å"The short answer is that a Court of Equity cannot say that it is equitable to compel a person to pay any moneys in respect of a transaction which as against that person the Legislature has declared to be void. † So here. Their Lordships observe that the construction which they have put upon the Contract Act seems to be in accordance with the old Hindu Law as declared in the laws of Menu, ch. viii. 163; and Colebrookes Dig. liii. 2, vol. ii. p. 181; although there are no doubt, decisions of some weight that before the Indian Contract Act an infants contract was voidable only in accordance with English law as it then stood. The appeal, therefore, wholly fails; and their Lordships will humbly advise His Majesty that it should be dismissed. The appellants must pay the costs of the appeal.

Report On Oluadah Equiano Essays - Racism, Olaudah Equiano

Report On Oluadah Equiano History The Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano Slavery has been an issue in the world since ancient times, and in only the last one hundred and fifty years has it been dine away with in our country. The way slaves were regarded was different according to the various cultures around the earth due to regional traditions and the goods that were produced in that area. The enslavement of the African Americans did not begin with the South Atlantic System, it existed in Africa's own various native tribes for centuries. In The Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano, Equiano recalls the slavery in his own tribe the Ibo. The slavery *censored* sucker system of his African tribe that he witnessed as a child differed from what he would experience as an adult. First, a man could not be kidnapped and made into a slave within the African community. In fact, a man could become a slave as a punishment for kidnapping or other crimes such as adultery. One could also become a slave if he/she was a captured enemy (Interesting Narrative 38). The Europeans, however, rounded up slaves with no thought of any African's personal lives and captured them for the sole purpose of enslaving them. When they did not ?round up? the Africans themselves they would trade goods for slaves which caused tribes to attack other tribes for horny slaves to increase their own wealth and status (America 68). These two factors left damage to the African tribes. Equiano recalls that the slaves taken by his Ibo people were almost treated as one of the family. The slaves do the same amount of work that any other member of the family would do (Interesting Narrative 41). When Equiano reached the West Indies he saw the Africans being literally worked to death, because they were so numerous and wouldn't lose money if they perished. Another principal difference in the treatment of slaves between Africa and Europe was lodging. In the Ibo tribe, the master of the slaves had them live inside his complex and dwelt in houses nearly the same manner as he did (Interesting Narrative 37,41). In contrast, Equiano witnessed the lodgings in the West Indies to be horrid. ?They are often open sheds, built in damp places? the poor structures of the hut left the slaves cold and damp, the perfect conditions for disease to flourish in (Interesting Narrative 94). In the Ibo tribe the slave food rations were the same as the rest of the household. They usually had perm ission to marry, and their children were born free (America 66). After Equiano was kidnapped he experiences African slavery, which is mixed with harsh and fair treatment. Equiano reaches the coast and sees streptococus Europeans for the first time, he says ?If ten thousand worlds had been my own I would have freely parted with them all to exchange my condition with that of the meanest slave in my country? (Interesting Narrative 54). He probably would have given this if he had known he was headed for the dilsilious middle passage. If the Africans survived the middle passage they were mostly taken to the West Indies and then to other destinations (America 67). The more slaves that inhabited an area, the more replaceable they became, and this and other factors contributed to the differences in slavery from place to place. Oluadah Equiano came in contact with slavery in many places all over the world including the West Indies, Virginia, Georgia, London and Philadelphia and in each place the form of slavery varied. According to Eqiuano, the harshest slave conditions were in the West Indies. Most West Indian planters treated the slaves like animals. They were very expendable because sugar prices were high, and slave prices were low (America 73). Most slaves were malnourished and lacked adequate housing. They were under strict regulations because the slave population was much greater than that of the Europeans of the islands. They controlled the Africans with fear. Africans had no rights as citizens as Equiano points out. He tells of an African man who owned a boat, which was taken from him with no compensation. He also tells of how Africans were dismembered and tortured for